Abstract
Otomobil sayısının hızla artmasıyla birlikte, yeni enerji araçları, kirletici emisyonları azaltmak amacıyla otomotiv endüstrisinin petrole olan bağımlılığını hafifletmeye yönelik yaklaşımlardan biri haline geliyor. Çin hükümeti, yeni enerji taşıtları endüstrisini teşvik etmek amacıyla endüstriyel kalkınma, kalkınma planları, tanıtım projeleri, mali sübvansiyonlar ve vergi teşvikleri perspektifinden bir dizi politika yayımladı. Bu makale, yeni enerji araçlarına yönelik politika çerçevesinin kapsamlı ve eleştirel bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Analiz, Çin'deki otomobil endüstrisinin gelecekteki gelişiminde elektrikli araca en büyük önceliğin verildiğini gösteriyor. Politika rehberliği ve planlaması, yeni enerji taşıtları endüstrisinin büyümesinde hayati bir rol oynamıştır. Ancak bu endüstri teknolojiler, endüstriyel zincir ve sosyal faktörlerle ilgili önemli zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Bazı temel teknolojiler henüz emekleme aşamasındadır. Benzer şekilde, tercihli politikalara rağmen yeni enerji araçlarının pazar payı da çok küçük. Artan talebi karşılamak için destekleyici tesislerin ve altyapıların inşasının hızlandırılması gerekiyor. Çin'de yeni enerji araçlarının sanayileşmesi ve yaygınlaşması için kat edilmesi gereken uzun bir yol var.
Introduction
The last decades witnessed the unprecedented expansion of energy consumption derived from the rapid economic growth in China. From 1980 to 2013, the total energy consumption in China surged from 17.67 billion GJ to 109.9 billion GJ. During the same period, the crude oil consumption increased more than 5.5 times from 3.66 billion GJ to 20.18 billion GJ [1]. This is compounded by the fact that over 57.8% of oil supply in China relies on importing. The Chinese auto industry developed rapidly during the same period, the automobile population increased by 75.8 times from 1.78 million to 137 million (see Fig. 1). In 2013, the output and sale volume of automobile in China reached 22.13 million and 21.98 million respectively, ranking first in the world [2]. With the fast growth of auto industry, the transport industry has become the largest oil consumer in China where 45.6% and 60.7% of the gasoline and diesel was consumed respectively in 2013 [1].
There are a number of factors that affect the energy consumption of the auto industry such as existing auto technologies; existing policies, e.g. fuel-economy policies and energy-savings policies [3], [4], [5]; socio-economic development [6]; energy efficiency standards [7]; road condition [8], [9]; car-following models [10]; and total costs of ownership [11]. The significant amount of fossil energy consumed by automobiles is associated with an inevitable environmental pollution [12]. Auto exhaust emission has become one of the major sources of air pollution in China. In 2012, vehicles exhaust emitted 6.4 million tonnes of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 4.38 million tonnes of hydrocarbons (HC), 34.72 million tonnes of carbon oxide (CO), and 0.62 million tonnes of particulate matters (PM) [13]. Vehicles are responsible for about 90% of NOx and PM, and 70% of HC and CO in China [14]. Wang [15] projected that passenger car emissions in 2020 will reach CO 1.12 g/km, HC 0.12 g/km, NOx 0.09 g/km, PM10 0.018 g/km, CO2 214 g/km under a recent policy scenario. Developing new energy vehicle (NEV) is a promising way to mitigate the dependence of petroleum for the entire auto industry and to reduce emissions of pollutants [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21]. In this paper, NEV is defined as the four-wheel vehicle using unconventional vehicle fuel as the power source, which includes hybrid vehicle (HV), battery electrical vehicle (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicle (HEV), dimethyl ether vehicle (DEV) and other new energy (e.g. high efficiency energy storage devices) vehicles. NEV is also one of the most important future road transport technologies [22] which has attracted a growing attention from both the industry and academics [23], [24].
In China, NEV plays a vital role in implementing the sustainable development strategy. It reduces not only fossil energy consumption but also air pollutants emission [25]. The Chinese government has devoted to reduce the carbon emission intensity per unit of GDP in 2020 by up to 45% compared to the level of year 2005. Currently, coal fired power plants occupy 78.1% of the total electricity output. New and renewable energies account for as low as 9.4% of the primary energy consumption [1]. It was projected that non-fossil energy will account for 11.4% of the primary energy consumption and generate 30% of electricity by 2015 [26]. The improved energy structure and electricity structure will bring more potential for the reduction of carbon emissions by developing NEV.
This study reports a critical analysis of the policies, the current status and future directions of Chinese auto industry and NEV industry. The findings provide both theoretical and practical references for the governments to formulate policies in order to further improve the auto industry in China.
New energy vehicles in China
The production of NEVs in China was not commenced until 2005. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) released “Announcement for Vehicle Manufacturers and Products” in April 2005. Since then, the first Commercial Vehicle Permit for Dongfeng Hybrid-electric Bus in April 2005 [27], and the first Passenger Car Permit for Hybrid-electric PRIUS, produced by FAW-Toyota Company in the end of 2005 were approved [28]. By 16 June 2014, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Industrial policies
Industrial policy is the collective policy instruments issued by the government to regulate a specific sector. The guidance of industrial policy will determine the future development of an industry. The industrial policies related to NEV mainly include “The Guideline Catalog for Industrial Restructuring”, “Development Policy of Auto Industry” and “Options on Accelerating the Development of Energy-saving and Environmental Protection Industries”. These industrial policies have the macro-level
Challenges
As an emerging industry, NEV faces a number of challenges such as technology, industrialization and social acceptance despite significant efforts made by the Chinese government and automobile manufacturers.
Conclusions
China ranked the first over the world in terms of auto production and consumption. However, the number of vehicles per thousand capita is still lower. There is a large market potential for the auto industry. Due to oil crisis and environmental deterioration, China has adjusted the industrial structure of auto industry. This includes reinforcing energy-efficiency, emission reduction and promoting the NEV development. The government has promulgated various policies to facilitate the development
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